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\title{Ê¹ÓÃµç³Ø¹©µçµÄ Linux Mini-HOWTO (ÃÔÄãHOWTO)}
\author{×÷Õß: Hanno Mueller,
{\ttfamily \onlynameurl{hanno@lava.de}}
{\ttfamily \onlynameurl{http://www.lava.de/\~{}hanno/}}\\ 
ÒëÕß: Ð»À¥ÖÐ HSIEH Kun-Chung, Ì¨Íå ÖÐ»ªÃñ¹ú Taiwan, Republic of China (not People's Republic of China)
{\ttfamily \onlynameurl{linuxer.bbs@cis.nctu.edu.tw}}}
\date{1997Äê12ÔÂ21ÈÕ}
\abstract{±¾ÎÄ¼þÖ¼ÔÚÃèÊöÈçºÎÒÔµ÷Õû  Linux ÏµÍ³µÄÄ³Ð©Éè¶¨À´¼õÉÙÏµÍ³µÄµçÔ´ÏûºÄ¡£ Õâ¶ÔÄÇÐ©Ê¹ÓÃ¿ÉÐ¯Ê½µçÄÔÏµÍ³µÄ Linux Ê¹ÓÃÕßÀ´ËµÂùÓÐÖúÒæµÄ¡£¡õÃæ»¹ÓÐÒ»Ð©¹Øì¶ÈçºÎÕÕ¹ËÄúµÄµç³ØµÄ×ÊÑ¶¡£ Èç¹ûÄãÔÚ×ÀÉÏÐÍµçÄÔÉÏÊ¹ÓÃ  Linux
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\end{verbatim}
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×÷£¬ ÆäËûµÄ (ÀýÈç RedHat) ÈÃ {\ttfamily crond}  ¾«ÁéÃ¿·ÖÖÓÖ´ÐÐ {\ttfamily atrun}
Ò»´Î¡£



´ó²¿·ÝµÄÏµÍ³ÉÏÊÇ·ñÐèÈç´Ë×öµÄ£¬ ÒòÎª {\ttfamily at} ÃüÁîºÜÉÙ»áÒÀÀµÒ»¶¨µÄÊ±
¼äÄÚ±»Ö´ÐÐ£¬ Òò´ËÈç¹ûÄãÔÚÄãµÄ {\ttfamily /etc/crontab} µµ°¸ÄÚ·¢ÏÖÏÂÃæ
ÕâÐÐ:

\begin{tscreen}
\begin{verbatim}
# Run any at jobs every minute
* * * * * root [ -x /usr/sbin/atrun ] && /usr/sbin/atrun
\end{verbatim}
\end{tscreen}




Äã¾Í¿ÉÒÔ°²È«µØ°ÑËü¸Ä³É:

\begin{tscreen}
\begin{verbatim}
# Run any at jobs every hour
00 * * * * root [ -x /usr/sbin/atrun ] && /usr/sbin/atrun
\end{verbatim}
\end{tscreen}




Ï¸½ÚÇëÔÄ¶Á {\ttfamily man 5 crontab}¡£ ÓÐÐ©ÈË¾ÍËãÔÚÃ»ÓÐÖ´ÐÐ {\ttfamily crond} ¾«
ÁéÏÂ»¹ÊÇ¿ÉÒÔ¶¯×÷£¬Òò´ËÈç¹ûÄãÖªµÀÄãÔÚ×öÊ²÷á£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔ¿¼ÂÇÍêÈ«µØ°ÑËü¸ø
¹Ø±Õµô¡£






\subsection{update  / bdflush ¾«Áé}



Linux ÔÚÈÎºÎÊ±ºò¶¼ÔÚ´¦ÀíÖøºÜ¶àµÄÒÑ¿ªÆôµµ°¸µÄ»º³åÇø£¬À´×öÏµÍ³ºÜÈ·ÈÏ
µµ°¸ÓÐÈÎºÎ¸Ä±äÊ±ÄÜ¹»Óú¿ì´æµµÓúºÃ£¬²»È»µÈµ½ÏµÍ³µ±»úÊ±ÒÑ×öµÄ¸Ä±ä¾Í»á
²»¼ûÁË¡£



{\ttfamily update} / {\ttfamily bdflush} ¾«Áé¾ÍÊÇÓÃÀ´ÕÕ¹ËÕâ¼þÊ±µÄ¡£(ÕâÊÇÍ¬Ò»¸ö³Ì
Ê½µÄÁ½¸öÃû×Ö£¬ Òò´ËÄã¿ÉÒÔÊ¹ÓÃÁ½¸öÆäÖÐµÄÒ»¸öÃû×ÖÀ´Æô¶¯Õâ¸ö¾«Áé¡£ )
Ô­À´µÄÉè¶¨»áÈÃÕâ¸ö¾«ÁéÃ¿ 5 ÃëÖÓºô½Ð {\ttfamily flush} ÒÔ¼°Ã¿ 30 ÃëÖÓºô½Ð
{\ttfamily sync} Ò»´Î¡£



ÔÚÎÒµÄ Fujitsu ¸»Ê¿Í¨´ÅµúÉÏ»áÔì³É²»Í£µÄ´æÈ¡¡£(ºÃÏñÕâ¸öÓ²µú¾ÍËã¸ú±¾
Ê²÷áÒ²Ã»¸Ä±äµÄ×´¿öÏÂ»á½«ËüµÄ¼ÇÒäÌå¿ìÈ¡¸øÇå³ýµô¡£µ«ÕâÒª¿´ÄãµÄÓ²µúµÄ
éíÌå: ÓÐÐ©ÅóÓÑ¸æËßÎÒËµ¾ÍËãÃ»ÓÐ×öÏñÏÂÃæÄÇÑùµÄÐÞ¸ÄËûÃÇµÄÓ²µú»¹ÊÇ¿ÉÒÔ
½øÈë±¾ÉíµÄÊ¡µçÄ£Ê½ÏÂ¡£)



ÒòÎª Linux  ²¢ÏñÒÔÇ°ÄÇÑù³£µ±»úÁË£¬ ÎÒ¾Í½«Á½¸öÊýÖµ¶¼¸Ä³ÉÎª  3600 Ãë
(=1 Ð¡Ê± )¡£ÕâÑùÒ»µãÒ²²»»áÔì³ÉÈÎºÎÎÊÌâ£¬¶øÇÒÔ­±¾³£»áÓÐµÄ´Åµú´æÈ¡¶¯
×÷¾ÍÍ£Ö¹ÁË¡£ (µ«ÊÇÈç¹ûÎÒµÄÏµÍ³ÏÖÔÚµ±»úÁË£¬µ±È»Ò»¶¨»áÓÐÐí¶àÆÆËðµÄµµ
°¸ÁË¡£)



RedHat 4.1: ÔÚ {\ttfamily /etc/inittab} ÄÚ£¬½« update ºô½Ð¸Ä³É:

\begin{tscreen}
\begin{verbatim}
ud::once:/sbin/update -s 3600 -f 3600
\end{verbatim}
\end{tscreen}




Suse 4.4.1: {\ttfamily update} is called in {\ttfamily /sbin/init.d/boot}.



Slackware: {\ttfamily update} is called in {\ttfamily /etc/rc.d/rc.S}.



See {\ttfamily man update} for details.






\subsection{syslogd ¾«Áé}



{\ttfamily syslogd} ¾«Áé¸ºÔðºÜ¶àÔÚ {\ttfamily /var/log/} Ä¿Â¼ÄÚ¿ÉÕÒµ½µÄ
Linux ÏµÍ³ÈÕÖ¾µµ°¸¡£Ô­¶¨ {\ttfamily syslogd} »áÔÚÃ¿´ÎÓÐÏµÍ³Ñ¶Ï¢±»¼ÇÂ¼Ê±Í¬
²½´æµ½ÈÕÖ¾µµ°¸ÄÚ¡£



Äã¿ÉÒÔÔÚ {\ttfamily /etc/syslog.conf} ÄÚÊ¹ÓÃÐ±ºÅ / ½ÓÔÚµµ°¸Ãû³ÆÇ°½«Õâ
¸ö¹¦ÄÜ¹Ø±Õ¡£ÒÔÏÂÊÇÎÒÔÚÎÒµÄÏµÍ³ÄÚÕÒµ½µÄ {\ttfamily syslog.conf}Àý×Ó:

\begin{tscreen}
\begin{verbatim}
# Log anything (except mail) of level info or higher.
# Don't log private authentication messages!
*.info;mail.none;authpriv.none -/var/log/messages
\end{verbatim}
\end{tscreen}




Í¬ÑùµÄ£¬Èç¹ûµ±ÏµÍ³µ±»úÊ±£¬ÎÊÌâÑ¶Ï¢ÊÇ²»»á±»´æµ½´ÅµúÄÚµÄ¡£Dilemma...






\subsection{init ÃüÁî}



ÔÚ¿ª»úÊ±£¬ ³õÊ¼Ê±µÄ´¦Àí³ÌÊ½ÒÔ¼°¾«ÁéÃÇÊÇ¾­ÓÉ {\ttfamily init} ÃüÁîÀ´¿ªÊ¼Ö´
ÐÐµÄ¡£Õâ¸öÃüÁî (ÓÖÊÇËü ) ÔÚÃ¿´ÎËüËù½¨Á¢µÄ´¦Àí³ÌÊ½Ç°»áºô½Ð {\ttfamily sync}¡£



Äã¿ÉÒÔÔÚÔ­Ê¼³ÌÊ½ÂëÖÐ½«Õâ¸ö {\ttfamily sync() } ºô½Ð¸øÒÆ×ß£¬È»ááÔÙÖØÐÂ±àÒë
Ëü¡£



Òª±ÜÃâ·¢Éúµµ°¸»º³åÒÅÊ§µÄÎÊÌâ£¬ÄãÓ¦¸ÃÔÚÄãµÄÏµÍ³µÄ
{\ttfamily /etc/rc.d/init.d/halt} ÃüÁîÊÖ¸åÄÚÔÚÐ¶ÏÂµµ°¸ÏµÍ³Ç°¼ÓÉÏ¶Ô
{\ttfamily sync} µÄºô½Ð¡£






\subsection{swap ´ÅÇø}



Linux swap ´ÅÇøÊÇÓÃÀ´ÒÔÐéÄâ¼ÇÒäÌåµÄ·½Ê½À´Ôö¼ÓÊµÌå¼ÇÒäÌåµÄ¿Õ¼ä¡£ Õâ
Ò²ÊÇÓ²µú»á´æÈ¡µÄ¿ÉÄÜÔ­Òò¡£Èç¹ûÄãµÄ±Ê¼ÇµçÄÔÒÑ¾­ÓÐÐí¶à¶¯Ì¬¼ÇÒäÌå RAM
ÁË»òÊÇÄãÊ¹ÓÃºÜ¼òµ¥µÄÓ¦ÓÃ³ÌÊ½ (Ïëµ½ {\ttfamily vi})£¬ Äú¿ÉÒÔ¿¼ÂÇ°ÑËü¸ø¹Ø±Õ
¡£

Õâµ±È»Òª¿´Äã´òËã×öÊ²÷á¡£4 µ½ 8 MB ²¢²»×ã¹»£¬ÕâÊ±Äã¸ÃÊ¹ÓÃ swap ´ÅÇø
¡£ÓÐ 8 µ½ 16 MB Ê±£¬ÎÄ×Ö»­ÃæÊ½µÄÓ¦ÓÃ³ÌÊ½¿ÉÒÔºÜºÃµØ¹¤×÷£¬Èç¹ûÄãÄÜ±Ü
ÃâÊ¹ÓÃÌ«¶àµÄ¶à¹¤¹¦ÄÜ£¬ Äã¿ÉÒÔ°²È«µØ°Ñ swap ¹¦ÄÜ¸ø¹Øµô¡£  X-Windows
»·¾³ÐèÒªºÜ¶àµÄ¶¯Ì¬¼ÇÒäÌå£¬Äã×îºÃ²»ÒªÔÚÃ»ÓÐ swap ÏÂÊ¹ÓÃËü£¬³ý·ÇÄãÓÐ
16MB ÒÔÉÏ¡£

(¸½×¢: ÎÒÄÇÌ¨ÓÐ  16  MB µÄ±Ê¼ÇµçÄÔÔÚ¹Ø±Õ  swap  ´ÅÇøÏÂ¿ÉÒÔÖ´ÐÐÒ»¸ö
{\ttfamily emacs} ¹¤×÷¡¢ 4 ¸ö {\ttfamily bash} shells »¹ÓÐ±àÒëÒ»¸öºËÐÄ¶¼Ã»ÓÐ·¢Éú
¼ÇÒäÌå²»¹»µÄÇé¿ö¡£Õâ¶ÔÎÒÀ´Ëµ¾Í¹»ÁË¡£)



Èç¹ûÄãÒÑ¾­°²×° swap ´ÅÇøÁË£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔÔÚ {\ttfamily /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit}
ÄÚµÄ {\ttfamily swapon} ÃüÁîÇ°¼Ó¸ö hash ·ûºÅ¼´¿É°ÑËü¸ø¹Ø±Õ¡£ Èç¹ûÄã²»Ïë°Ñ
ËüÓÀÔ¶µØÒÆ³ý£¬ÄÇ¾ÍÈÃÏµÍ³ÔÚ¿ª»úÊ±ÎÊÄãÊÇ·ñÒªÊ¹ÓÃ swap ´ÅÇø¡£ÔÚ
{\ttfamily /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit} (RedHat 4.1) »ò
{\ttfamily /sbin/init.d/boot} (Suse 4.4.1)¡õÍ·:

\begin{tscreen}
\begin{verbatim}
echo "Should the system use swap?"
echo "  0: No."
echo "  1: Yes."
/bin/echo "Your choice: \c"
read SWAPCHOICE

case "$SWAPCHOICE" in
    0)
        # Do nothing.
        echo "(Swap partitions disabled)"
        ;;
    *)
        # Start up swapping.
        echo "Activating swap partitions"
        swapon -a
esac
\end{verbatim}
\end{tscreen}




ÄÇ÷áÄã¾Í¿ÉÒÔÔÚÊ¹ÓÃ½»Á÷µçÔ´Ê±¿ªÆô swap ´ÅÇø£¬¶øÊ¹ÓÃµç³ØÊÇ¾Í»á¹Ø±ÕÑÔ
Õâ¹¦ÄÜ¡£






\subsection{apache httpd ÍøÒ³ËÅ·þÆ÷¾«Áé }



ÎÒÊ¹ÓÃÎÒµÄ±Ê¼ÇµçÄÔÀ´·¢Õ¹¡¢²âÊÔ¸øÍøÕ¾Ê¹ÓÃµÄ cgi ÃüÁîÊÖ¸å£¬ ÕâÒ²¾ÍÊÇ
ÎªÊ²÷áÎÒÔÚËüÉÏÃæ¼ÜÁË¸öÇøÓòÍøÕ¾µÄÔ­Òò¡£Èç¹ûÄã×îÏë×öµÄÖ»ÊÇÓÐÊ±ºòÓÃÀ´
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ÔÚ {\ttfamily httpd.conf} ¡õ£¬Ö»Òª°Ñ {\ttfamily MinSpareServers} ÒÔ¼°
{\ttfamily StartServers} µÄÖµ¸Ä³É {\ttfamily 1}¡£ Õâ¶Ô±¾µØ¶ËµÄ²âÊÔÕ¾ÒÑ¾­ºÜ¹»ÁË¡£



Èç¹ûÄãÏë¹Ø±ÕÍøÕ¾ËÅ·þÆ÷µÄÇ©Èë£¬Äã±ØÐëÖØÐÂ±àÒë {\ttfamily httpd} ¾«Áé£¬Ï¸½Ú
ÇëÔÄ¶ÁÎÄ¼þ¡£ 



Grant Taylor ÖØÐÂ±àÒëÁË apache µÄÇ©Èëáá·¢¾õÕâÑù×Ó  `` ²¢²»»áÈÃËüÍ£
Ö¹ churning  ´Åµú¡£ ËùÒÔÎÒÊ¹ÓÃÁíÒ»¸ö£¬ IMHO ±È½ÏºÃµÄ½â¾ö·½·¨: ÎÒ°Ñ
apache   ½¨¹¹³É´Ó  inetd  À´Ö´ÐÐÈ¡´úÔ­±¾ÓÉ×Ô¼ºÀ´¡£  ''  Ï¸½ÚÇëÔÄ¶Á
{\ttfamily man inetd}¡£






\subsection{XFree86 Ì×¼þ\label{TheXFree86package}}



Îª±Ê¼ÇµçÄÔ½¨¹¹ XFree86 ÊÇÁíÒ»¸ö»°ÌâÁË£¬ ÔÙ´Î£¬ÎÒ±ØÐëÇëÄã²Î¿¼ Linux
±Ê¼ÇµçÄÔÍøÒ³£¬ÔÚÄÇ¶ùÄã¿ÉÒÔÕÒµ½ºÜ¶àµÄÐ­Öú 



X µÄ¿ØÖÆÌ¨ÔÚ¿Õ°×Ê±Ö»»á°ÑÓ©Ä»±ä³ÉºÚÉ«£¬ µ«²¢²»ÊÇ°ÑËü¹Øµô¡£ ¾ÍÈçÍ¬ÔÚ
\ref{sidenoteaboutconsoleblanking} {(  ±¸×¢¹Øì¶¿ØÖÆÌ¨±ä³É¿Õ°× )} ÖÐÌáµ½µÄ£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔÊ¹ÓÃ {\ttfamily xset} µÄ dpms Ñ¡ÏîÀ´¸Ä±äËü¡£È»¶ø£¬ÕâÏî
¹¦ÄÜµÃ¿´ÄãµÄ±Ê¼ÇµçÄÔµÄ»æÍ¼¾§Æ¬ÒÔ¼° bios ÁË.



Grant Taylor Ê¹ÓÃÒÔÏÂµÄÉè¶¨ÒÔ¼° {\ttfamily apmd} ºÍÓ©Ä»±£»¤³ÌÊ½µÄÐ­ÖúÀ´´«
ËÍÊ¹ËûµÄ±Ê¼ÇµçÄÔ½øÈëË¯Ãß×´Ì¬¡£

\begin{tscreen}
\begin{verbatim}
# Run xscreensaver with APM program
xscreensaver -timeout 5 \
             -xrm xscreensaver.programs:apm_standby \ 
             -xrm xscreensaver.colorPrograms:apm_standby &
\end{verbatim}
\end{tscreen}




Õâ¸ö ``{\ttfamily apm\_standby} ÊÇ¸öÖ»ÔÊÐíÌØ¶¨ÈËÊ¿À´Ö´ÐÐ {\ttfamily apm -S} µÄ
suid perl ÊÖ¸å¡£''






\subsection{emacs ±à¼­³ÌÊ½}



ºÃµÄ£¬  {\ttfamily emacs}  ²¢·Ç²»ÊÇ¸ö±à¼­Æ÷£¬  µ«ÊÇ¸öÉú»î·½Ê½¡£  ÒÔÏÂÊÇÓÉ
Florent Chabaud Ìá¹©µÄÃÜ¾÷: `` Èç¹ûÄãÊ¹ÓÃ {\ttfamily emacs}£¬Ò²ÐíÄãÒÑ·¢ÏÖ
µ½Õâ¸ö±à¼­Æ÷»á×ö×Ô¶¯´æµµµÄ¶¯×÷£¬ µ±È»ÕâºÜÓÐÓÃ¶øÇÒÒ² {\itshape  ²»¸Ã \/} °Ñ
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ÎÒÔÚ {\ttfamily /usr/share/emacs/site-lisp/site-start.el}  µµ°¸ÄÚ¼ÓÈë
ÁËÏÂÁÐ¼¸ÐÐ:



\begin{tscreen}
\begin{verbatim}
(setq auto-save-interval 2500)
(setq auto-save-timeout nil)
\end{verbatim}
\end{tscreen}




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\subsection{ÈçºÎÕÒ³ö¸ü¶à×î¼Ñ»¯µÄ·½·¨}



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ÏÖÔÚÇëÔÄ¶ÁÃ¿¸ö´¦ÀíÖÐµÄ³ÌÊ½Ö® {\ttfamily man} Ò³À´ÁË½âËüÃÇÔÚ×öÉ¶÷áÒÔ¼°ÈçºÎ
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\section{¸½Â¼}






\subsection{¸ø Linux ¹©Ó¦ÉÌµÄÑ¶Ï¢  \label{AmessagetoLinuxdistributors}}



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\subsection{¸ÐÐ»\label{credits}}



\begin{itemize}
\item ÓÐ¹Øì¶µç³Ø¼¼ÊõµÄ×ÊÑ¶´ó²¿·ÝÀ´×Ô  Michael  Reiter  ÏÈÉú¿¯µÇÔÚ  ``c't
Magazin fuer Computertechnik''{[}c't µçÄÔ¿Æ¼¼ÔÓÖ¾ {]} (Heise Verlag µÂ
¹úººÅµÍþ ), 10/96 °æ, µÚ 204 Ò³ÄÚµÄ ``Stromkonserve'' ÕâÆªÎÄ¼þ£¬ÒÑ
±»ÔÊÐíÕªÂ¼¡£Äú¿É°Ý·ÃËûÃÇµÄÍøÕ¾£¬ÔÚ {\ttfamily \onlynameurl{http://www.heise.de/}}¡£



\item ÏÂÃæËùÁÐµÄ¶Ô±¾ÎÄÕÂÓÐ¹±Ï×µÄÅóÓÑÃÇ:

\begin{tscreen}
\begin{verbatim}
Frithjof Anders <anders@goethe.ucdavis.edu>
David Bateman <dbateman@ee.uts.edu.au>
Florent Chabaud <chabaud@celar.fr>
Markus Gutschke <gutschk@uni-muenster.de>
Kenneth E. Harker <kharker@cs.utexas.edu>
Bjoern Kriews <bkr@rrz.uni-hamburg.de>
R. Manmatha <manmatha@bendigo.cs.umass.edu>
Juergen Rink <jr@ct.heise.de>
Grant Taylor <gtaylor@picante.com>
James Youngman <JYoungman@vggas.com>
\end{verbatim}
\end{tscreen}




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